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Pregnancy.While certain changes early occur in the generative organs themselves which may lead the physician to suspect the existence of pregnancy, yet the first symptom which attracts the attention of the woman herself is usually the suppression of the monthly flow. This, of course, is not an infallible sign of pregnancy, since suppression may be caused also by several other conditions, and indeed not infrequently occurs in early married life without any appreciable cause, unless, indeed, we may attribute it to the influence on the nervous system consequent upon sexual intercourse. And on the other hand the monthly sickness may continue during a part or even the whole of pregnancy. It occasionally happens that the young wife continues to menstruate more or less profusely at the first two or three periods after pregnancy has actually begun. Indeed, cases are on record in which women have menstruated only during pregnancy. A second symptom upon which women generally lay considerable stress is morning sickness. While this is a very common symptom, and when present may have considerable value, yet its absence is by no means proof of the contrary condition. There is no certainty nor uniformity as to the time at which this symptom may make its appearance. At times it seems to begin almost at the very day of conception, wrhile at other times it may make its appearance only after suspicion is already aroused by the suppression of the monthly sickness. There is also considerable variation in the duration of this condition ; in some cases it may last for a few weeks only, in others may persist until delivery. As a rule, we may say it begins during the first month and ends at the third or fourth. Occasionally, too, the nausea and vomiting occur in the evening and not in the morning. Changes in the breast constitute also a usual sign of pregnancy - as will be expected when we consider the duties which these organs are to perform in nourishing the germ now undergoing development. Among the earliest indications are certain vague feelings sometimes described merely as a sense of fullness, but often amounting to uneasiness and even pain. The breast becomes larger and firmer; the nipple is more prominent; the veins under the skin become more conspicuous because larger ; the rose-colored circle surrounding the nipple becomes larger, darker, and exhibits numerous small projections. While these changes possess considerable value as signs of pregnancy, yet they usually occur so late - often beginning only with the third month - that the question may be decided without them ; this is particularly the case if the woman be already a mother, since the changes in the breasts are usually less marked in subsequent than in the first pregnancy. Another symptom frequently, though not always present, is irritability of the bladder. In the later months the necessity for frequently voiding the urine is not uncommon ; yet this symptom sometimes makes its appearance in the second or third week, and is sometimes followed later by inability of the woman to retain the urine, which frequently escapes by day as well as by night, in spite of all her efforts to control it. Changes in the abdomen are, in the earlier months, very uncertain signs of pregnancy - reliance upon which has occasioned numerous, often ridiculous blunders. During the early weeks of pregnancy the abdomen actually becomes smaller and it is not until the the thirteenth or fourteenth week that enlargement begins ; yet it often happens that there will be an accumulation of gas in the intestines which may simulate quite closely the usual enlargement, and if this happen during the first month or two of pregnancy the great expectations of the young wife are often terribly blighted when a few weeks later she finds her abdomen much smaller than before. Many a childless woman, too, approaching the change of life is led to hope from this deceitful enlargement of the abdomen in connection with the suppression of the menstrual discharge that she is finally pregnant. There are so many causes which may contribute to abdominal enlargement that this symptom has but little value in determining pregnancy, until the later months. The movements of the child, or rather of the fetus in the womb, communicate to the mother the sensation known as quickening. The exact time at which the movements are first perceived varies with several conditions-the activity of the fetus and the condition of the mother. The average time is perhaps the eighteenth or nineteenth week, though it may occur as early as the fifteenth or may be postponed until the eighth or ninth month. Since quickening consists merely in the perception of the fcetal movements by the mother, it is evident that there is considerable room for mistake, especially in the first pregnancy, since similar sensations may be induced by the movement of gas in the bowels, by contractions of the abdominal muscles as well as by other causes. Nor is the absence of this feeling a proof of the non-existence of pregnancy. In the later months, sometimes even in the earlier, the movements of the foetus become so violent as to occasion perceptible movement of the womb and of the abdominal muscles - movements which may even give the mother pain. Yet all these appearances may be simulated by other conditions than pregnancy; sometimes even intentionally. In more numerous instances, however, the woman is herself deceived, and often persists in her self-deception under circumstances which render the occasion highly absurd. It has repeatedly happened that the enlargement of the abdomen and movements simulating perfectly those of quickening have entirely disappeared so soon as the woman has been allowed to inhale chloroform, but have returned again so soon as she recovered consciousness. While such an occurrence usually suffices to convince the friends of the non-existence of pregnancy, it just as often fails to influence the conviction of the would-be mother. It is related by Hume that Queen Mary of England, whose marriage with Philip of Spain was not blessed with children, at one time deceived herself into the belief that she felt the movement of the fetus. So confident was the joyful Queen that even her physicians were, or professed to be convinced, notwithstanding the previous years of barrenness. The approaching event became the subject of public and private rejoicings, and of supplications for the continued health and safety of the Queen and of her son. The latter, as is well known, failed to appear-the Queen had deceived herself. Changes in the skin also often appear as one of the accompaniments of pregnancy ; these are usually manifested by a darkening of the skin, particularly on the forehead, nose and cheeks, sometimes also on the breast. Not infrequently there is more or less change in the general complexion ; the skin may exhibit a certain unusual dryness; or, on the other hand, the amount of perspiration may be greater than usual. These changes, however, do not occur with such certainty or uniformity as to give them value among the signs of pregnancy. Among other less constant and therefore less important signs, are caprices in appetite and personal habits. The pregnant woman is sometimes seized with an unconquerable desire to drink vinegar, devour chalk or slate pencils, indeed behave very much like a girl with chlorosis ; the appetite is frequently markedly increased, sometimes even to an astonishing extent. Women in this condition often say that they are always hungry, and actually rise two or three times at night and get something to eat. During the same period that the woman suffers from morning sickness there not infrequently occur also other disorders of digestion - among which heartburn, pain in various parts of the abdomen and diarrhea may be mentioned. Mental characteristics also are sometimes changed remarkably. An unsteady temper, marked by fits of peevishness and irritability, often nervousness and even hysteria are developed in the earlier months. 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